Abstract: Core wall is the key water retaining structure of earth-rock dam, and its deformation characteristics directly affect the structural safety of earth-rock dam. Taking the asphalt concrete core wall of Xinjiang Kurgan Water Control Project as the research object, based on the monitoring results of core wall and dam deformation, the spatial distribution of dam filling quality, construction quality, stress and deformation characteristics and working behavior of asphalt concrete core wall are scientifically evaluated from multiple angles. The results show that: 1) The internal settlement and displacement of the dam body are affected by the layered filling construction. During the construction period, the distribution law of the settlement and deformation of the layered filling of the dam body along the elevation is that the post-construction settlement is the largest in the area about 1/2 dam height from the dam top, and the cumulative settlement is the largest in the area about 1/3 dam height from the dam top, which conforms to the general deformation law of earth-rock dams; 2) The deflection displacement of the core wall is mainly affected by the upstream and downstream filling progress of the dam, the temperature change of the core wall and the compaction mode of the construction machinery. 3) The displacement of the core wall and the transition material increases at first in the early stage, decreases in a short time in the middle stage, and increases continuously in the later stage, which is closely related to the viscoelastic-plastic deformation characteristics of asphalt concrete, temperature changes and consolidation characteristics of the transition material; 4) The dislocation displacement of the interface between the core wall and the base is mainly affected by the uneven settlement of the dam, the mechanical strength parameters of the interface and the temperature change of the core wall. 5) The temperature of asphalt concrete during the core wall filling will directly affect the deformation characteristics and working behavior of the core wall. The research results can provide reference for the design and construction of similar projects.